John Winthrop - Colonial America Scientist

John Winthrop - Colonial America Scientist John Winthrop (1714-1779) was a scientist who was born in Massachusetts and was appointed as the head of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was recognized as the preeminent American astronomer of his time.   Early Years Winthrop was the descendant of John Winthrop (1588-1649) who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was the son of Judge  Adam Winthrop and  Anne Wainwright Winthrop.  He had been baptized by Cotton Mather. While Mather is remembered for his support of the ​Salem Witch Trials, he was also a keen scientist who researched in hybrids and inoculation.  He was extremely smart, finishing grammar school at 13 and going to Harvard through which he graduated in 1732. He was head of his class there. He continued studying at home before eventually being named Harvards Hollis  Professor of Mathematics and Natural  Philosophy.   Preeminent American Astronomer Winthrop gained attention in Great Britain where many of his research findings were published. The Royal Society published his works. His astronomical research included the following:   He was the first to observe sunspots in Massachusetts in 1739.  He followed the movement of Mercury.  He determined the accurate longitude for Cambridge where Harvard was located.  He published works on meteors, Venus, and solar parallax.  He accurately predicted the return of ​​Halleys Comet in 1759.  He was the first colonist sent out by a colony to complete a scientific expedition to observe the transit of Venus from Newfoundland.   Winthrop, however, did not limit his studies to the field of astronomy. In fact, he was a kind of a scientific/mathematical jack of all trades. He was a highly accomplished mathematician and was the first to introduce the study of Calculus at Harvard. He created Americas first experimental physics laboratory.  He increased the field of seismology with his study of an earthquake that occurred in New England during 1755. In addition, he studied meteorology, eclipses, and magnetism.   He published a number of papers and books about his studies including  Lecture on Earthquakes  (1755),  Answer to Mr. Princes Letter on Earthquakes  (1756),  Account of Some Fiery Meteors  (1755), and  Two Lectures on the Parallax  (1769).  Due to his scientific activities, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1766 and joined the American Philosophical Society in 1769. In addition, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Harvard both awarded him honorary doctorates. While he did serve as the acting president twice at Harvard University, he never accepted the position on a permanent basis.   Activities in Politics and the American Revolution Winthrop was interested in local politics and public policy. He served as a probate judge in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. In addition, from 1773-1774 he was part of the Governors Council. Thomas Hutchinson was the governor at this point. This was the time of the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party that occurred on December 16, 1773.   Interestingly, when Governor Thomas Gage would not agree to set aside a day of Thanksgiving as had been the practice, Winthrop was one of a committee of three who drew up a Thanksgiving Proclamation for the colonists who had formed a Provincial Congress led by​​ John Hancock. The other two members were Reverend Joseph Wheeler and Reverend Solomon Lombard.  Hancock signed the proclamation which was then published in the  Boston Gazette on October 24, 1774. It set aside the day of Thanksgiving for December 15th.   Winthrop was involved in the American Revolution including serving as an  adviser to the founding fathers including George Washington.   Personal Life and Death Winthrop married Rebecca Townsend in 1746. She died in 1753. Together they had three sons.  One of these children was James Winthrop who would also graduate from Harvard. He was old enough to serve in the Revolutionary War for the colonists and was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He later served as the librarian at Harvard.   In 1756, he again married, this time to Hannah  Fayerweather Tolman. Hannah was good friends with Mercy Otis Warren and Abigail Adams and carried on correspondence with them for many years. She along with these two women were given the responsibility of questioning women who were thought to be siding with the British against the colonists.   John Winthrop  died on May 3, 1779, in Cambridge, survived by his wife.   Source:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹harvardsquarelibrary.org/cambridge-harvard/first-independent-thanksgiving-1774/

Managing Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing Change - Research Paper Example These achievements however, have been coupled with various drawbacks but with the application of economic theories with an illustration of the Contingency Theory such hurdles are to be tackled. The study provides recommendations on the various aspects that require adjusting for the economies to thrive even more. With the onset of the financial crisis within the past decade, the financial markets in the Gulf region have undergone various changes and institutions and business entities have adopted new market strategies to counter the implications of the crisis. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf countries (GCC) - Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) are keen to improve their economic competitiveness in the international market. From the early 1970s to the early 1980s the GCC member countries made significant developments in the financial front. The financial institutions were beneficiaries of the lucrative returns brought about by the abundant oil revenue. At the time up to the 1990s, the primary focus of the institutions was on short-term lending trade, building and construction and manufacturing. With the 1990s came global financial integration that entailed the carrying out of economic restructurings especially due to the effects of the Gulf war. Technological novelty and new market strategies centred on consumer-based services were adopted. Following the Gulf war was a variation of loan problems in banks across nations affected by it. The financial set-up of the GCC has overtime faced a number of challenges that revolve around the augmented role of the private sector in the financial market, the high demand for new financial services and the aspect of global participation. Efficiency and productivity are therefore a principal concern in this modern age. The countries in the GCC have links with banks that are expansively

Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health - Article Example Further complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. This health concern currently affects about 16 million people in the United States with an estimated five million of those unaware of their condition. African Americans face heightened risks of contracting diabetes. Although about 33 percent of people with the illness are unaware of their condition, nearly three million or almost 12 percent of the African American population over 20 years of age suffer with symptoms of diabetes.   Because of this, African Americans have been identified as being at greater risk than those of Anglo descent to suffer macro-vascular problems such as strokes and heart disease. â€Å"African Americans are 1.6 times more likely to have diabetes than non-Latino whites. Twenty-five percent of African Americans between the ages of 65 and 74 have diabetes† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). The immune system, the environment and genetics are factors that influence Type One diabetes but the risk factors are more clearly defined for Type Two diabetes. These include obesity, physical inactivity, elderly people, family history of diabetes, a past history of gestational diabetes and those with a weakened tolerance for glucose. Ethnicity is another risk factor. â⠂¬Å"African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for Type Two diabetes† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Despite the biological impediments that cannot be altered, African Americans can take measures to combat this genetic predisposition. Those African American diabetics who are overweight when they begin the nutritional program may require more initial calories until their weight drops to a more normal level. The reasoning is that too rapid of a weight

The History Of Diplomacy History Essay

The History Of Diplomacy History Essay Most nations seek to maximize wealth at the minimum cost possible. Adam Smith s book already broadened the minds of European policy makers to the various ways they may increase the wealth of their respective nations by an acquisition of foreign empires most especially in Africa and Asia where resources could be extracted with less labor and capital sacrifices. The need to establish and make resourceful gains was a major drive towards the decision of western nations to acquire colonies and exploit the prosperity in periphery states. As slave trade was completely abolished and industrial revolution already set in, the need for raw materials and cheaper labor became increasingly important within competing core European nations and a very possible cause of the war could have been the need to eliminate competitors. Great Britain and France in particular had acquired a significant wealth by keeping foreign markets and colonies under their control. In an attempt to keep up with the joneses, other nations desired the same and this led to tensions between them. Alliances were formed by Britain, France and Russia in what was called the Triple Entente on the one hand. On the other hand however, Germany and Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Central Powers) also had their own Triple Alliance mutual defense. The very nature of the alliances among the European great powers had become very polarized by 1907 and so, accommodation was difficult. With increased and intensified antagonism, the dexterity to make credible threats was on the rise so that the severity of a war outbreak would be catastrophic (Cashman and Robinson 36). Arms race began with a very tight competition between the British and German navy. At the time when Germany emerged as an imperial power, the Berlin Conference was held in 1885 wherein an agreement was reached on which regions of Africa each European power had the colonial power. One core nation s wealth of resources can increase significantly if it could have additional colonies under its control. While the British naval force could only afford necessities in their development, the German navy already acquired advancement that catapulted its strength beyond comparable standards of the time. A response from the British was in terms of negotiations on naval cooperation with Russia in early 1914. While the Russians undertook extensive military organization in the aftermath of a defeat by Japan in 1905, railway construction already reached the German frontier in western Russia with the help of investment from the French so that if war broke out with the Germans, there could be a Russian offensive to the east. German concern about the development grew because a merger of Russias natural resources with technological modernization would imply that the future would belong to Russia and the German Schlieffen plan would become virtually inoperative. (Cashman and Robinson 36-38). With local domestic politics playing itself in industrialized Europe, the German government of the time wanted more national support by beginning a diversionary war to distract public s attention because they fear they may loose support. Also, tensions already exist between the left and right wing governments of France after a drastic 19th century French revolution. A war was becoming unavoidable. Furthermore, there was a clear possibility that military service helped generate a nationalist outlook with the help of newspapers by strengthening public opinion. Most of the decision makers of the time were strong believers in the notion that life was a constant struggle to survive and that Charles Darwins theories of natural selection could be transferred to the development of human society. If the history of nations was a constant rising and falling pattern and one nation can conquer the other in a war, then that nation is fit than the others and its nation rises (Hamilton and Herwigs 25-26). The dire need by European states for something that could provide regeneration and save the state from social rigidity led some of them to believe that war was going to play a key role in the long-term social development of their nation. War was seen as a normal tool of international politics and the ultimate legal right of all sovereign states. The nature of global political culture and tha t of institutions of the international system were permissive of war and states considered the preparation for war as one of their prime duties. (Cashman and Robinson, 29 30). Rivalries interwoven with territorial disputes intensified the conflicts most especially between Germany and France and between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Earlier on, the German had meddled in British affairs in South Africa and ill will between these two nations had increased as a consequence. In 1905, and later 1911, the Moroccan crises had erupted with Germany versus France and Britain when the Germans undermined French power in Morocco. Other nations were involved in the events that followed. And, with several other rivalries and meddling springing up within the great powers of Europe, hostilities were unavoidable and that eventually led to the war (Cashman and Robinson 42-48). Of all causes of World War I, the most important, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was a provoking and an almost immediate cause of the war that brings alliances, nationalism and social Darwinism, economic imperialism and militarism into light as other causes. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia, a part of Austria-Hungary territory. This happened as a protest by Serbia to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. The resulting verdict was a declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary and the expansion of the war continued as nation states took sides to better serve their interests.

Agribusiness

Agribusiness as a way of life Agribusiness for me is a systematic structure of well coordinated and oriented subsystems which makes the agriculture stable. Agribusiness can be viewed as a system, in which it compose of many subsystems. In agriculture where crops are cultivated to produce crops, the agribusiness plays an important role to distribute those crops in proper places at high value. Well, we all know that agriculture doesn't only involve in crops but also in poultry and livestock, fishery and forestry.It also plays an important role of the daily lives of the people, where the incessant interaction and circulation of commodities is discerned. Without Agribusiness, goods and services will not be delivered to various consumers and the needs and wants of the people cannot be attained. Agribusiness is tantamount to open system which composes of various subsystems. And in order for the system to be viable, its subsystem should also be viable. Any system has its own gaps and weakne sses that may lead the whole system to collapse.And it is obvious that to prevent the whole system to collapse, the operation of each and every subsystem should be well orchestrated, well coordinated and lastly well synchronized to make the whole system viable as it should be. By effective coordination and synergism, agribusiness as viable open system can be attained. The importance of agribusiness as a field of discipline is that we will discern the gaps and weaknesses of our career in which we could devise some individual developmental plan to improve ourselves as well mounded individual, highly competitive meeting national and global needs.Due to ineffable importance of agribusiness in people's daily lives. Many improvements were developed to make human needs, wants and activities much more accessible and easier leading to global industrialization. Annually, investments trends, prospects or development in agribusiness continuously devised to sustain domestic and global needs. The current investment trend or developments in Agribusiness is the â€Å"Biotech investment trend in Europe and Asia for 2012† in which it is stated that theE companies are finally following US and also Japanese organizations in improving their purchase in â€Å"agro-biotechnology' inside Asia. Although simply no precise figures can be obtained, estimates coming from different options indicate in which biotechnology purchase by E firms inside Asia provides increase coming from US dollars 230 million inside 1993 to be able to US dollar 270 thousand in 1995. The growing investment is combined with an increasing variety in business projects. (www. Investment-trend. Bloodspot. Com)

Mary I of England Queen in Her Own Right

Known for: Heir to King Henry VIII of England, succeeding her brother, Edward VI. Mary was the first queen to rule England in her own right with full coronation. Shes also known for attempting to restore Roman Catholicism over Protestantism in England. Mary was removed from the succession in her fathers marriage disputes during some periods of her childhood and early adulthood. Occupation: Queen of England Dates: February 18, 1516 - November 17, 1558 Also known as: Bloody Mary Biography The Princess Mary was born in 1516, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII of England. As the daughter of the King of England, Marys value during her childhood as a potential marriage partner for the ruler of another realm was high. Mary was promised in marriage to the dauphin, son of Francis I of France, and later to the emperor Charles V. A 1527 treaty promised Mary to Francis I or to his second son. Soon after that treaty, however, Henry VIII began the long process of divorcing Marys mother, his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. With the divorce of her parents, Mary was declared illegitimate, and her half-sister Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, successor to Catherine of Aragon as wife of Henry VIII, was declared princess instead. Mary refused to acknowledge this change in her status. Mary was then kept from seeing her mother from 1531 on; Catherine of Aragon died in 1536. After Anne Boleyn was disgraced, charged with being unfaithful and executed, Mary finally capitulated and signed a paper accepting that her parents marriage was unlawful. Henry VIII then restored her to the succession. Mary, like her mother, was a devout and committed Roman Catholic. She refused to accept Henrys religious innovations. During the reign of Marys half-brother, Edward VI, when even more Protestant reforms were implemented, Mary held fast to her Roman Catholic faith. On Edwards death, Protestant supporters briefly put Lady Jane Grey on the throne. But Marys supporters removed Jane, and in 1553 Mary became Queen of England, the first woman to rule England with full coronation as Queen in her own right. Queen Marys attempts to restore Catholicism and Marys marriage to Philip II of Spain (July 25, 1554) were unpopular. Mary supported harsher and harsher persecution of the Protestants, eventually burning more than 300 Protestants at the stake as heretics over a four-year period, earning her the nickname Bloody Mary. Two or three times, Queen Mary believed herself pregnant, but each pregnancy proved to be false. Philips absences from England grew more frequent and longer. Marys always-frail health finally failed her and she died in 1558. Some attribute her death to influenza, some to stomach cancer, which was misinterpreted by Mary as pregnancy. Queen Mary named no heir to succeed her, so her half-sister Elizabeth became queen, named by Henry as next in succession after Mary.

Essay on Should Vaccines Be Mandatory - 902 Words

Health care is complex and ever changing. What makes perfect sense for one individual may bring deep-seated ethical issues for another individual. With the vast amount of possibilities expanding through research, ethical dilemmas develop and complicate the decisions we need to make for ourselves and loved ones. The varied choices regarding cancer vaccines, fraud and euthanasia will be explored. Cancer Vaccines The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer demonstrates a parade of polarizing ethical issues of today, but the topic of mandatory cervical cancer vaccines particularly caught my attention. I viewed the video not from the lens of a health care professional, but from the stance of a mother of a beautiful two year old little girl. As is the way of†¦show more content†¦Because the vaccine is recommended for girls before sexual activity starts, I feel that would coincide with the time her Father and I have a responsibility to educate her on the reproductive system and STDs. Ultimately, after educating our daughter, the decision will be made based on what is right for our child, regardless of whether or not it is mandatory. Fraud In the second part of Jim Lehrer’s three part series, a group of financial experts have a frank discussion about corruption on Wall Street. Fraud in business dealings is by no means new, but when it affects the people living paycheck to paycheck, it brings it to an entirely new level of wrong. I learned that business fraud dates back to the beginning of time and the rich swindling the rich is much more morally acceptable to the public than the rich stealing from the poor. According to Morrison and Furling (2014), Rawl’s theory states â€Å"inequalities may be justified, but only if they are to the advantage of the least well off† (p. 26). This teaching is clearly not being followed in modern day society. Furthermore, I found it interesting that in any economy, excess is detrimental to the financial health of consumers. As is the American way, none of this matters, until it hurts. In the realm of healthcare, the health care administrator (HCA) has a moral and eth ical obligation to protect the safety and well being of the patient, but also the financial healthShow MoreRelatedVaccine Should Be Mandatory1084 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Why should I get vaccinated? It is just a waste of time and money. I never got vaccinated before and never will.† That’s what one of my colleagues said when he was asked to get vaccinated during the outbreak of SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, few years ago in Mongolia. Then, I had reasoned him that disease comes all of a sudden and it is more serious than he thinks. As reported on CDC, Centers for Disease Control, 40 percent of all American parents were refusing one or more vaccines forRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Mandatory1492 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccinations be Mandatory? This essay will attempt to investigate the employment of the 23 plus vaccinations used today and how they defend the preventions and spread of diseases. The paper will support the pros and the cons of vaccinations that are supported by research statistics as well as the different symptoms that have been reported for each available vaccine. What is a vaccine? Vaccines have been defined as the development of depleted or killed microscopic organismsRead MoreVaccines Should Be Mandatory For Children1371 Words   |  6 Pagessmall act (Vaccines). 322 Million cases of illnesses were prevented, because of a decision made by parents of small children. According to a United Nations Foundation partner organization, vaccines protect 2.5 million children from preventable diseases every year (Vaccines). Large numbers of people don’t know how preventable children’s illnesses and deaths really are. By using vaccines, children have a much smaller risk of getting sick or even potentially dying. The benefits of vaccines clearly outweighRead MoreShould Hpv Vaccines Be Mandatory?1513 Words   |  7 PagesJosie Caskey Honors Rhetoric Dr. Margaret Murray 20 April 2015 Should HPV Vaccines Be Mandatory? The debate over the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines represents two very controversial topics in healthcare in America, mandatory vaccination and teenage sexuality. Currently the two approved vaccines, Gardasil and Ceravix, are designed to protect against the sexually transmitted virus HPV. Because these vaccines have their greatest benefit when given before a person becomes sexually active, theRead MoreHpv Vaccine Should Be Mandatory1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion already have it. A vaccine is available that prevents 70% of cervical cancers that arise from sexual intercourse. The human papillomavirus is unknowingly common and is diagnosed in 10,000 women a year, causing 4,000 deaths per year (â€Å"HPV Question and Answers†). If we take the responsibility to vaccinate young girls and boys, to be safe, we can eliminate many unnecessary deaths. This vaccine is a great discovery that should be put to good use, the HPV vaccine should be mandated in young teensRead MoreShou ld Vaccines Be Mandatory For All Children?1308 Words   |  6 Pagesone small act (Vaccines). 322 Million cases of illnesses were prevented because of a decision made by children’s guardians. According to a United Nations foundation partner organization, vaccines protect 2.5 million children from preventable diseases every year (Vaccines). Large numbers of people don’t know how preventable children’s illnesses and deaths really are. By using vaccines, children have a much smaller risk of getting sick or even potentially dying. The benefits of vaccines clearly outweighRead MoreShould The Government Make Vaccines Mandatory?988 Words   |  4 PagesThe ongoing debate about state-mandated vaccines holds more relevance today than it did in the past. The question is, â€Å"Should the government make vaccines mandatory if the scientific community cannot even prove their effectiveness?† This question has frustrated and confused grandparents, parents and children alike. Common sense would suggest that the vaccines should be proven 100% effective before being introduced to the general population, but everyday thousands of Americans are administered injectionsRead MoreEssay Vaccinations: Vaccines Should Be Mandatory For All People 1001 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst administered vaccines in 1796 (Health Affa irs). Throughout history, vaccinations have become better to where they are safer for the human body. Everyone should get vaccinated against certain disease to stay healthy. Vaccines have been proven to make people immune to serious diseases (Childhood Immunization). By being vaccinated the person is not only helping themselves but others around them too. Vaccines are an important tool for preventing disease and should be mandatory for all people. Read MoreVaccines Should Be Mandatory Towards Ever Person Starting At The Age Of One2206 Words   |  9 Pagesthere are people who believe that vaccines should be mandatory towards ever person starting at the age of one and continues until eight teen years of age. Those people are wrong why would someone ever believes that it’s all right to inject babies with multiple harmful vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella and many more. These types of vaccines can lead to serious health problems in the future or even as soon as later on that day of the child receiving these vaccines. Although some may say babies andRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1228 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory vaccinations should be required for all citizens in the U.S. Having mandatory vaccinations will allow for well protected future generations that are susceptible to less health issues. With everyone being vaccinated there will be less occurrences of these diseases and sic knesses allowing future generations a more healthy life with fewer visits to the doctor’s office and hospital. Another reason to have mandatory vaccinations is that these vaccines are safe and approved by trusted medical